8. 50-60% is actually acceptable for White's. Temps look good.

13. I'm not sure what kind of filter you have, but some things that make water safe for human drinking don't necessarily make it safe for frogs. For instance bottled water isn't necessarily frog safe. We can tolerate higher levels of chlorine than they can. I suggest using a dechlorinator. But that's just a guess. Your filter might be okay.

28. I'm sorry. Considering that you've found something suspicious in his stool/vomit and that he comes from Petco it would be a good idea to look for an exotic vet in your area, or call some local vet and ask if they're willing to fecal test a frog. It will be a bit of an expense if you end up treating the frog, but with the weird thing you found that might be the best option.

Also can you describe the blob? Clear? Whitish? Reddish? Brown? Are you certain the frog is male?