I'm not too familiar with bamboos but these sort of things can often be propagated by using a hatchet or a chainsaw to divide the root ball, they can usually take a fair bit of suffering. If it's a free range invasive one then this is almost surely the case. Actually growing it indoors might be another problem, you should try to identify the plant and see how much shade it will tolerate, but keep in mind a plant that lives in a gardeners version of 'full shade' might still not get enough light in a typical indoor setting. You might be better off with dried bamboo sticks like Bill has suggested, or make your own out of the bamboo you found in the wild. Big thick vertical sticks with a philodendron or pothos vine twirling up it might look pretty neat.

Many other dracaenas will grow tall indoors and get woody looking stalks. There are often pretty large ones under the name 'Corn Plant' available that might be a good fit.

As for the perlite- it's inert and there is no reason to have a grow out period after you've removed it. Some people like a grow out period of a few weeks before introducing the plants to the frogs to give time for pesticides or fertilizers to fade, but I usually go right ahead after a good rinsing. Some people also soak their new plants in a mild bleach solution followed by a good rinsing.

Did you do a water test on your reassembled tank?